利用天敌防治葡萄园害虫研究进展

葡萄是一种重要的经济水果,除鲜食外还可用于酿酒、制干、制汁等。在葡萄挂果到收获期间采用化学药剂来防治园内害虫极有可能造成农药残留,危害人体健康。利用天敌防治葡萄园内害虫是确保葡萄及其制品质量安全的重要途径。总结了国内外葡萄园常见害虫的主要捕食性和寄生性天敌,以及利用天敌防治葡萄园重要虫害的策略,并探讨了该领域目前存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

大叶芥菜作为植物熏蒸材料与主栽作物番茄间作模式探索

以大叶芥菜为主要的植物熏蒸材料,通过改变其与主栽作物番茄间作的不同种植模式,分析大叶芥菜产量、大叶芥菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量、番茄根结指数、番茄产量等指标,探索生物熏蒸效果佳、作物产量高、可以大面积推广的间作模式。结果表明:间作模式1(栽培大叶芥菜前将番茄吊蔓的2架钢丝距离调整为50~60 cm,第1茬番茄拉秧后将棚内温度调高2~5 ℃)效果最好,大叶芥菜的产量、硫代葡萄糖苷含量最高,根结线虫抑制效果最好,同时每667 m^2番茄产量最高,达12 216.5 kg,可大面积推广。     

豆-禾混播草地中紫花苜蓿比例对其固氮效率的影响及潜在生理机制

【目的】 通过研究豆草比例对紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地豆科植物生物固氮的影响及其生理生态机制,深化对混播群落结构和生物固氮功能关系的理解,辅助豆-禾混播草地的科学建植和管理,提高混播草地生物固氮和土壤肥力,提升草地资源生产和生态保障能力。【方法】 2017年5月,利用紫花苜蓿和羊草为试验材料,采取随机区组设计,于中国科学院长岭草地农牧生态研究站内建植不同豆草比例（紫花苜蓿占比为25%、50%、75%、100%）的紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地,4次重复。建植一年后,通过样方取样法调查混播草地群落结构变化,测定紫花苜蓿叶片、枝条和根系生长发育、光合和水分等生理代谢特征,在测定根系结瘤特征基础上,采取¹⁵N同位素自然丰度法评估紫花苜蓿固氮效率,结合土壤水分动态监测,分析豆草比例对紫花苜蓿生物固氮的影响及其生理生态机制。【结果】 （1）混播草地建植一年后,对应25%、50%、75% 和100%设计的豆草混播比例,混播草地实际紫花苜蓿占比分别为11%、27%、53%和100%。（2）对比25%、75%和100%的初始豆草种植比例,50%的初始豆草比例下,生长季平均土壤水分含量分别增加了21.4%、36.4%和51.7%。（3）50%豆草种植比例下,紫花苜蓿植株有更大的枝条和根系生物量、叶片数量、叶片面积、叶片厚度和叶片生物量,上述指标最小值出现在100%的豆草播种比例。（4）50%豆草种植比例下,紫花苜蓿具有最大的光合速率,枝条和根系中淀粉含量最高,但枝条和根系中可溶性糖含量最低。（5）50%的初始豆草混播比例下,紫花苜蓿根瘤发育更完善,其生物固氮率较25%、75%和100%的豆草混播比例分别提高了13.5%、44.6%和79.2%。回归分析表明,随豆草比例变化,紫花苜蓿生物固氮效率与土壤含水量呈正相关。【结论】 紫花苜蓿-羊草混播草地中,紫花苜蓿生物固氮能力与豆草比例间存在非直线型变化关系。当初始豆草种植比例为50%时,紫花苜蓿生物固氮率最大。豆草比例驱动土壤水分变化,进而通过调控叶片发育和光合等途径改变了紫花苜蓿植株和根瘤发育,是其影响生物固氮的潜在机制。     

加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪物理性质和微观结构的影响

加工参数是影响涂抹型再制干酪物性和微观结构的重要因素。通过测定样品的质构性质、融化性、表观黏度和结合微观结构观察，确定加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪的影响。结果表明：剪切速率、加工温度和时间对样品质构指标和融化距离影响显著（P＜0.05），剪切速率由800 r/min升高到1 400 r/min的过程中，硬度、涂抹功和黏着性没有显著升高；适当升高融化温度、延长融化时间会产生更强的乳化性，剪切约2.9 min时样品已呈现乳化状态。确定加工参数为85 ℃、静止预热4 min、800 r/min剪切2.9 min时，     

3种填料对集装箱循环水养殖废水处理的初步研究

为探讨聚丙烯塑料发泡材料(EPP)、悬浮球填料和海绵填料对集装箱循环水养殖废水中细菌吸附性能的差异,以及3种填料挂膜启动和挂膜成熟后对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)和硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)的净水效果,以集装箱循环水养殖废水为研究对象,采用自然挂膜的方式进行了为期3个月的试验,并对相关指标进行测定。结果显示:EPP填料对养殖废水中细菌的吸附能力最好,另外两种填料对细菌的吸附能力次之并且差异不显著(P0.05);3种填料自然挂膜成熟的时间分别为21 d、26 d和30 d;各填料挂膜成熟后处理高浓度NH_4~+-N养殖废水时,NH_4~+-N浓度与NO_2~--N浓度之间的关系可以用多项式y=ax~2+bx+c进行拟合,NH_4~+-N浓度与NO_3~--N浓度之间的关系可以用对数式y=aln(x)+b进行拟合。研究表明:EPP填料、悬浮球填料和海绵填料均可作为生物填料用于集装箱循环水养殖系统。     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.     

Probiotic efficiency of Bacillus sp. in Labeo rohita challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila: assessment of stress profile,haemato‐biochemical parameters and immune responses

Fish are always susceptible to a wide variety of deadly pathogens which cause a huge loss in aquaculture industries. In this investigation, we have demonstrated the in vivo probiotic efficiency of Bacillus sp. MVF1 (GenBank Acc. No. KP256503) in Labeo rohita challenged with pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC 1739). To check the probiotic potential of the selected bacterial strain, fish were divided into four groups: control, D1, D2 and D3. A total of 100 days (70 days probiotic feeding + 71th day sampling and 28 days challenged test + 29th day sampling) of feeding trial was conducted. To establish the probiotic potential of Bacillus sp. MVF1, certain haematological parameters (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocyte count), serum biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin and globulin), immune parameters (serum lysozyme and total IgM levels) and hepatic stress profile (malondialdehyde production, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity) have been measured. Our results demonstrated that red blood cell number, white blood cell number and haemoglobin content were much higher in D2 group fish compared to other groups and control fish. Similarly, total protein contents, albumin concentration, globulin concentration, lysozyme activity and IgM production were also recorded to be highest in D2 group fish. This finding clearly indicated the probiotic potential of Bacillus sp. MVF1 in L. rohita. Furthermore, our results also demonstrated that 1 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1 feed (D2) provides better immunity compared to 1 × 10⁵ (D1) and 1 × 10⁹ (D3). Due to beneficial effects, the bacterium Bacillus sp. MVF1 might be useful in aquaculture industries to reduce the disease susceptibility.     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios for silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

Four isonitrogenous diets containing different carbohydrate:lipid (CHO:L) ratios (0.3, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.8) were tested in triplicate groups (16 fish per replicate) of silvery‐black porgy juveniles for 8 weeks. Growth performance was not affected by different dietary CHO:L ratios (P > 0.05); however, the viscerosomatic index, the intraperitoneal fat, whole‐body lipid, energy and n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids levels increased with decreasing dietary CHO:L ratios (P < 0.05). Fish fed with 1.8 CHO:L diet had the lowest apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipid, as well as the lowest plasma haemolytic and lysozyme activities (P < 0.05). Red blood cell counts and plasma glucose levels were higher in fish fed with 1.1 and 1.8 CHO:L ratio diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in the liver and plasma increased as dietary CHO:L ratios decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that the diets with CHO:L ratios between 0.6 and 1.1 are optimal for silvery‐black porgy, whereas higher ratios may result in hyperglycaemia and immune suppression, and lower CHO:L ratios may lead to oxidative stress and liver dysfunction.     

Aloysia triphylla essential oil as food additive for Rhamdia quelen – Stress and antioxidant parameters

We examined the effects of dietary supplementation for 21 days with different levels (0, 0.25 and 2.0 ml/kg) of the Aloysia triphylla essential oil (EOAT) on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Cortisol levels were lower in fish fed EOAT at 2.0 ml/kg diet, and lactate levels were lower in those fed at both doses. Glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and triglyceride levels did not vary between groups. The biomarkers of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxide, superoxide dismutase, catalase and non‐protein thiols, were lower in the brain, liver and muscle of fish fed EOAT at 2.0 ml EO/kg diet. Glutathione‐S‐transferase, reduced glutathione, plasma Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺, and gill Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase and H⁺‐ATPase did not vary between groups. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that the addition of EOAT at 2.0 ml/kg diet improves oxidative status and lowers the stress response in silver catfish.     

Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.